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MONTEITirS  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  GEOGRAPHY. 


VIEWS    IN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


NATIONAL   GEOGRAPHICAL   SERIES. 


FIRST    LESSONS 


GEOGRAPHY: 


PLAN    OF    OBJECT    TEACHING, 


DESIGNED    FOR    BEGINNERS. 


BY    JAMES    MONTEITH, 

AUTHOR  OF  A  SERIES  OF  GBOGkAPHIES,  MAPS,  ATLASES,  AND  A  POPLLAR  SCIENCE  READER. 


NEW  YORK    •:•    CINCINNATI    •:.    CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK   COMPANY 


CONTENTS 


DEFINITIONS. 


PAGB 
.  .     12 


MAPS. 


Western  Hemisphere 13 

Eastern  Hemisphere 20 

North  America 22 

United  States 26 

Eastern  States 34 

Middle  States 38 


Southern  States 42 

Western  States 46 

South  America 50 

Europe 54 

Asia 58 

Africa » .  62 


'       OBJECT 

PAGE 

The  Earth 6-11 

Natural  Divisions 15,  16 

North  America 25 

United  States 32,  33 

Eastern  States 37 

Middle  States , 41 

Southern  States 45 


LESSONS. 

PAGB 

Western  States 49 

South  America 53 

Europe 57 

Asia 61 

Africa 65 

Plants 66, 67 

General  Review 68 


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Copyright,  1884,  1889,  by 
JAMES    MONTEITH. 

I  St  Les.  Geo. 

T  *  U  W.    P     ft 


PREFACE.  '?  ^'^^ 

The  plan  of  this  little  work  is  such,  that  the  subject  is  pre- 
sented in  the  most  simple  form.  (<Uir 

It  treats  of  general  features,  such  as  the  locality  and 
ilescription  of  Continents,  Countries,  States,  Rivers,  Mountains, 
vc,  without  dwelling  prematurely  upon  details  which  embarrass 
I  he  learner  in  his  first  effort. 

The  Maps  are  free  from  all  meridians,  parallels  of  latitude, 
and  any  superabundance  of  names;  thereby  giving  a  greater 
prominence  to  the  general  divisions  of  land  and  water. 

The  plan  of  Object  Teaching,  by  which  the  mind  re- 
ceives impressions  through  the  medium  of  the  eye,  is  here  so 
combined  with  the  Map  Exercises,  that  a  child  just  able  to  read 
is  at  once  interested  and  instructed. 


BARNES'S    GEOGRAPHIES. 

Edited  by  James   Monteith. 

BARNES'S  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY ^0.55 

BARNES'S  COMPLETE  GEOGRAPHY 1.25 

A  complete  and  thoroughly  modem  two-book  series. 


Other  Text-Books  by  James  Monteith. 

NATIONAL  SERIES  OF  GEOGRAPHIES: 

First  Lessons  in  Geography $0. 25 

Introduction  to  Geography 40 

Manual  of  Geography 75 

INDEPENDENT  SERIES  OF  GEOGRAPHIES: 

Elementary  Geography 55 

Comprehensive  Geography x .  10 

MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY i.oo 

MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  INTERMEDIATE  GEOGRAPHY x.20 

MONTEITH'S  PHYSICAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY x.15 


MONTEITH'S   POPULAR   SCIENCE  READER 


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FIRST     LESSONS 

IN 

GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON     I. 

This  is  a  picture  of  the  World  or  Earth  upon 
which  we  Hve.  It  is  a  great  ball.  The  part  you  see 
is  the  outside  or  surface,  and  is  either  land  or  water. 

The  parts  of  this  picture  which  appear  smooth  and 
light  represent  the  water  ;  the  rough  and  dark  parts, 
the  land;  and  you  may  know  that  on  the  Earth's 
surface,  there  is  more  water  than  land. 

Look  at  the  picture,  and  you  will  observe  ships 
sailing  on  the  water.  That  great  body  of  water  is 
called  an  Ocean,  and  ships  can  sail  on  any  part  of 
it,  and  in  any  direction.  The  spots  you  see  in  the 
Ocean  are  portions  of  land,  called  Islands,  because 
there  is  water  all  around  them. 

If  you  look  at  the  land,  on  this  picture,  you  will 
notice  black,  rough  places  in  it :  these  are  the  highest 


8  LESSON     II. 

part  of  the  land,  and  are  called  Mountains.  The 
low  places  between  the  mountains  are  called  Val- 
leys. 

On  the  land,  you  will  see  white  places ;  these  rep- 
resent Lakes,  which  are  bodies  of  water  surrounded 
by  the  land ;  and  Rivers,  which  are  streams  of  water 
flowing  through  the  land. 

The  land  is  higher  than  the  rivers,  and  the  rivers 
are  higher  than  the  ocean ;  therefore,  the  rain  that 
falls  on  the  land  runs  into  the  rivers,  and  the  rivers 
flow  toward  the  ocean. 

There  are  five  oceans  on  the  Earth,  named  the 
Pacific,  Atlantic,  Indian,  Northern  or  Arctic, 
and  Southern  or  Antarctic.  The  largest  is  the 
Pacific  or  mild  Ocean,  which  is  the  one  you  see  be- 
fore you  in  the  picture. 

The  water  shown  at  the  upper  part  of  the  picture 
is  the  Northern  or  Arctic  Ocean,  and  that  at  the 
lower  part,  the  Southern  or  Antarctic. 

There  are  two  oceans  on  the  side  of  the  Earth 
not  shown  in  the  picture;  they  are  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Ships  sail  on  all  these  oceans,  as  you  see  them 
here  on  the  Pacific — just  as  flies  travel  around  an 
orange.  A  fly  travels  on  the  outside  or  surface  of 
an  orange;  people  and  ships  move  on  the  surface 


LESSON     111, 


of  the  Earth.      The  fields,  hills,  roads,  rivers,  and 
ponds,  are  parts  of  the  Earth's  surface. 

Look  again  at  the  picture,  and  you  wiU  see  land 
all  along  the  right  hand  side,  stretching  from  the 
upper  part  of  the  picture  almost  to  the  lower,  or 
from  the  North  to  the  South.  That  land  is  Amer- 
ica. At  the  middle,  or  Center,  the  land  is  very 
narrow,  and  because  it  is  a  narrow  neck  of  land  it  is 
called  an  Isthmus.  The  land  from  this  isthmus 
toward  the  north  is  North  America,  and  that  from 
the  isthmus  toward  the  south  is  South  America. 
North  America  and  South  America  are  joined  to 
each  other  by  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  or  Panama. 

Point  to  North  America, — to  South  America." 

On  the  right  hand  side  of  this  picture  or  illustra- 
tion you  may  observe  a  steamship  sailing  on  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  That  is  but  a  small  part  of  the 
Atlantic.  From  what  land  does  the  steamship  ap- 
pear to  be  sailing?  To  what  land  is  it  sailing?  Is 
it  sailing  north,  or  south  ? 

The  land  which  you  see  on  the  left  hand  side  of 
this  picture  is  a  part  of  Asia.  The  other  part  of 
Asia  is  on  the  side  of  the  earth  opposite  that  which 
is  here  represented  ;  also  Europe  and  Africa.  North 
America,  South  America,  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa 
are  Grand  Divisions  of  the  land  on  the  Earth. 


lo  LESSON     IV. 


ABOUT    DAY    AND    NIGHT. 

The  right  hand  side  of  the  picture  appears  light, 
and  the  left  hand  side,  dark.  That  is  because  the 
Sun  is  represented  to  be  shining  on  the  right  hand 
side,  where  it  is  day  ;  the  opposite  side  being  in  the 
shade,  has  night. 

On  the  picture,  in  North  and  South  America,  it  is 
day ;  in  Asia,  it  is  night.  To  cause  day  in  Asia,  the 
Earth  must  turn  around  so  as  to  bring  Asia  toward 
the  Sun.  Now,  any  Httle  boy  or  girl  can  tell  whether 
America  will  have  day  or  night,  when  Asia  has  day. 

The  side  of  the  Earth  which  is  toward  the  Sun  has 
day,  and  the  opposite  side  has  night ;  therefore,  as  the 
Earth  turns  around,  or  whirls  like  a  top,  every  place 
will  have  day,  then  night,  then  day  again,  and  so  on 
continually.  The  Sun  shines  on  one  half  of  the  Earth 
at  a  time.  If  the  Earth  did  not  whirl  about,  it  would 
be  day  continually  on  the  side  toward  the  Sun,  and 
continual  night  in  all  countries  on  the  opposite  side. 

As  God  caused  the  Sun  to  shine  upon  the  Earth  to 
give  day,  what  change  would  take  place  with  day  and 
night,  if  He  should  cause  the  Sun  to  cease  shining? 

Look  again  at  the  picture,  and  you  will  notice  the 
Sun  shining  on  one  side  of  the  Earth,  and  the  Moon 
shining  on  the  opposite  side,  where  it  is  night.     The 


LESSON     V.  II 

world  is  at  that  time  between  the  Sun  and  Moon, 
which  is  always  the  case  when  you  see  the  Moon  full 
and  bright.  The  stars  you  see  at  night  are  large 
shining  bodies  like  the  Sun,  but  appear  smaller  than 
the  Moon  or  the  Sun,  because  they  are  much  further 
from  us.  The  Earth  is  larger  than  the  Moon,  and 
the  Sun  is  much  larger  than  the  Earth.  The  Moon 
is  nearer  to  us  than  the  Sun. 

On  the  picture  you  see  clouds.  Very  few  little 
children  know  what  clouds  are,  and  how  rain  comes 
from  them.  So  a  few  words  will  be  here  said  about 
them.  You  have  all  seen  rising  from  boiling  water, 
something  that  appears  like  smoke.  It  is  not  smoke, 
but  VAPOR,  to  which  the  water  is  changed  by  the  heat; 
and  if  you  would  hold  a  cold  basin  over  that  vapor, 
you  would  see  the  vapor  turn  again  to  water.  In  the 
same  way,  heat  causes  vapor  to  rise  from  the  ocean, 
lakes,  rivers,  ponds,  etc.;  and  float  in  the  air,  until  it 
meets  cold  air,  when  it  is  changed  back  to  water,  and 
returns  in  the  form  of  drops,  and  is  called  rain. 

So  the  VAPOR  rises  from  the  water;  and,  while  in 
the  form  of  clouds,  the  wind  blows  it  over  the  dry 
ground,  until  it  is  turned  into  drops,  when  it  comes 
down  to  water  the  grain,  the  grass,  and  the  flowers; 
which,  by  their  bright  looks  and  sweet  odors,  express 
their  joy  and  thankfulness  to  God,  who  alone  can  do 
such  wonders. 


12 


LESSON     VI. 


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LESSON     VII 


13 


What  are  the  divisions 
of  the  Western  Con- 
tinent ? 

North  America 
and  South 
America. 

^^Tiat  are  the  divisions 
of  the  Eastern  Con- 
tinent ? 

Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa. 

What  is  an  Ocean? 
The  largest  divi- 
sion of  the  wa- 
ter. 


How  many  Oceans  are  there  ? 

Five;   Pacific,  Atlantic,  Indian,   Southern  or  Ant- 
arctic, Northern  or  Arctic. 

Which  is  the  largest  Ocean  ? 
The  Pacific  Ocean. 

What  is  an  Island  ? 

A  portion  of  land  entirely  surrounded  by  water. 

What  is  a  Peninsula  ? 

A  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by  water. 

What  is  a  Lake  ? 

A  body  of  water  almost  surrounded  by  land. 


14  LESSON     VIII. 

What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

A  neck  joining  two  larger  portions  of  land. 
What  is  a  Strait  ? 

A  passage  connecting  two  larger  bodies  of  water. 
What  is  a  Cape  ? 

A  point  of  land  extending  into  the  water. 
What  is  a  Mountain  ? 

A  vast  elevation  of  land. 
What  is  a  Hill  ? 

A  small  elevation  of  land. 
What  is  a  Volcano  ? 

A  mountain  which  sends  out  fire,  smoke,  and  lava. 
What  is  a  Valley  ? 

The  low  land  between  hills  or  mountains. 
What  is  a  Plain  ? 

A  level  tract  of  land. 

What  is  a  Desert  ? 

A  barren  region  of  country. 
What  is  a  Sea  ? 

The  division  of  water  next  in  size  to  an  oceaUo 
What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ? 

A  body  of  water  extending  into  the  land. 
What  is  a  River  ? 

A  Stream  of  water  flowing  through  the  land. 

By  what  are  Rivers  formed  ? 

By  Springs. 
What  is  a  Cataract  or  Waterfall  ? 

Water  flowing  over  a  precipice. 


LESSON     IX. 


15 


i  lie  pupii:^  will,  Upon  this  illustration,  point  out  the 
different  divisions  of  land  and  water. 

Point  to  a  Mountain.  Why?  Ans,  Because  it  is 
a  vast  elevation  of  land.  Point  to  a  Volcano.  Why  ? 
Ans.  Because  it  is  a  Mountain  which  sends  out  fire, 
smoke,  and  lava.  Point  out  the  following,  and  give 
the  reason: — A  Hill  —  Valley — Island  —  Penin- 
sula—  Lake  —  Isthmus  —  Strait — Cape — Plain — 
Bay — River.  In  which  of  these  do  you  see  a  church  ? 
Show  which  house  stands  on  a  hill — on  a  mountain. 
On  which  division  are  the  cattle  grazing*^ 


i6 


LESSON     X. 


What  is  a  Map  ? 

A  picture  of  the  whole,  or  a  part,  of  the  Earth's 
Surface. 

What  are  the  directions  on  a  Map  ? 

Toward  the  top.  North  ;  toward  the  bottom,  South ; 
to  the  right.  East ;  to  the  left,  West. 

In  what  direction  from  the  center  of  the  picture  is  the  Island  ? 
North. 

In  what  direction  is  the  volcano  ?     The  Cape  ? 

The  Bay  ?     The  Lake  ?     The  Strait  ?     The  Mountains  ? 

The  Isthmus  ? 

What  is  in  the  East  ?  In  the  West  ?  In  the  South  ?  In  the 
North?  In  the  Northwest?  In  the  Southeast?  In  the 
Northeast  ?      In  the  Southwest  ? 


LESSON     XI 


17 


Here  is  shown  a  part  of  a  River  with  a  sail-boat 
on  it.  A  man  is  sitting  in  the  stern  of  the  boat,  and, 
by  means  of  the  helm  or  rudder,  he  steers  it  in  any 
direction.  The  forward  part  of  a  boat  is  called  the 
bow.     A  sloop  has  one  mast ;  a  schooner,  two. 

On  the  BANK  or  edge  of  this  river  is  a  windmill, 
with  its  long  arms  spread,  which,  being  broad  and 
light,  are  blown  by  the  wind  round  and  round,  like  a 
great  wheel.  In  the  mill  are  two  large  flat  stones, 
one  of  which  is  moved  against  the  other,  face  to  face, 
by  the  arms ;  so  that  whatever  the  miller  places  be- 
tween the  stones  is  ground  fine  like  flour. 

Corn  when  ripe  and  dry  is  ground  into  Indian 
meal  or  corn  meal ;  oats  when  ground  we  call  oat 
meal ;  wheat  or  rye  ground,  is  flour.  Tell  how  corn 
is  planted,  and  when  it  ripens. 


VVESTEKN    HEMISPHEK.T? 


LESSON     XII 


19 


In  what  Division  of  the  Earth  do 
we  live  ? 
In  North  America. 

What  Division  south  of    North 
America  ? 
South  America. 

When  ^  you    look   at    the  rising 
Sun,  what    Ocean    is  before 
you  ? 
The  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Where  does  the  sun  rise? 
In  the  East. 


Where,    then,    is    the    Atlantic 
Ocean  ? 
East  of  America. 

When  you  look  at  the  setting  Sun, 
what  Ocean  is  before  you  ? 

The  Pacific  Ocean. 
Where  does  the  Sun  set? 

In  the  West. 
Where  is  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

West  of  America. 
What  Ocean  north  of  America  ? 

The  Northern  Ocean. 


LESSON     XIII. 


\N  nat  btrait  connects  the  Pacific 
Ocean  with  the  Northern 
Ocean  ? 

What  Ocean  south  of  America? 

What  Isthmus  joins  South  Amer- 
ica to  North  America  ? 

Which  is  the  most  northern 
Country  of  North  America  ? 

What  Bay  west  of  Greenland  ? 

What  Mountains  in  N.America? 

^^'hat  Mountains  in  S.  America  -^ 


Do  you  live  in  North  America  or 

in  South  America  ? 
What  Ocean  east  of  America  ? 
What  Ocean  west  of  America  ? 
Where  is  the  Northern  Ocean  ? 
Where  is  the  Southern  Ocean  ? 
In  what  Ocean  are  the  Hawaiian 

Islands?      The   Cape   Verde 

Islands? 
Mention  the  principal  products 

of  North  America, — of  South 

America. 


EASTERN    HBMISPHEBB 


LESSON     XIV. 


21 


What  are  the  Divisions  of  the 
Eastern  Continent  ? 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Af- 
rica. 

Which  is  the  largest  ? 
Asia. 

Which  is  the  smallest  ? 
Europe. 

Which  is  furthest  to  the  right,  or 
east? 
Asia. 


Which  is  furthest  south  ? 
Africa. 

What  Ocean  east  of  Asia  ? 
Pacific  Ocean. 

What  Ocean  south  of  Asia  ? 
Indian  Ocean. 

What  Ocean  west  of  Africa  ? 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

What  Sea  south  of  Europe  ? 
Mediterranean  Sea. 


LESSON     XV. 


What  Seas  southeast  of  Europe  ? 

What  Sea  northeast  of  Africa  ? 

What  Desert  in  Africa  ? 

What  Country  in  the  southeast 
of  Asia? 

What  Country  in  the  southwest 
of  Asia  ? 

What    Islands   in    the    west    of 
Europe  ? 

Which  is  the  largest    Island  in 
the  World  ?         Australia, 


What  Oceans  do  you  find  on  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere? 

What  Division  between  the  At- 
lantic and  Indian  Oceans  ? 

What  Division  west  of  Asia  ? 

What  Division  south  of  Europe  ? 

Between   what  Divisions  is  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  ?  Red  Sea  ? 

Where  is  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

What   do    we   get    from    Asia  ? 
Africa  ?     Europe  ? 


KORTH 
AMERICA 


LESSON     XVI 


23 


What     three     Oceans     around 
North  America  ? 
\rctic,  Atlantic,  and  Pa- 
cific. 

What  Country  furthest  north  ? 
Greenland. 

What  Country  furthest  south  ? 
entral  America. 

what  Country  do  we  live  ? 
In  the  United  States. 


What    Country     north    of    the 
United  States  ? 
The  Dominion  of  i^anada 

What    Country    south     of    the 
United  States? 
Mexico. 

What   Territory    in    the   north- 
western pait  of  N.  America  ? 

Alaska. 
What  Peninsula  in  the  south  ? 

Yucatan, 


LESSON      XVII. 


Between  what  two  Oceans  is  the 
United  States? 

What  Bay  west  of  Greenland  ? 

What  Bay  in  Canada  ? 

What   large  Gulf  south  of  the 
United  States? 

What   large    sea    southeast    of 
North  America? 


What      Mountains 
America  ? 


in      North 


What   Isthmus   south  of  North 
America  ? 


Name  the  Countries  of  North 
America,  and  their  products. 

Which  are  the  largest  two  Coun- 
tries of  North  America? 

Between  what  two  Countries  is 
the  United  States? 

In  what  Country  is  Hudson 
Bay? 

Between  what  two  Countries  is 
Baffin  Bay? 

What  large  Island  southeast  of 
the  United  States? 

Where  is  Cape  Farewell? 


LESSON     XVII 


Map-Picture  of  North  America. 


By  whom   was  America  discov- 
ered? 
By   Columbus ;     in    the 
year  1492. 

What  kind  of  People  did  he  find 
here? 
Dark-colored  Savages. 

What  did  Columbus  name  them  ? 
Indians. 


Afterwhom  was  Am  erica  named? 
A  man   named  Ameri- 
cus,  or  Amerigo. 

What  can  you  say  of  the  Northern 
part  of  N.  America  ? 
It  is  very  cold. 

What   of  the   Southern  part  of 
N.  America  ? 
It  is  very  warm. 


LESSON     XIX 


25 


Greenland. 


This  picture  represents  icebergs,  and  ships  near 
them.  Icebergs  are  great  bodies  of  solid  ice,  reach- 
ing much  higher  than  the  masts  of  a  ship,  and  ex- 
tending downward  to  a  great  distance  below  the 
surface  of  the  water.  They  will  float  in  the  water, 
and  every  year  some  ships  are  wrecked  by  coming 
in  contact  with  them. 

Icebergs  are  most  numerous  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Men  have  sailed  through  Baffin  Bay,  and  as  far 
north  as  the  ship  you  see  in  the  map. 

The  names  of  those  men  who  have  become  famous 
for  their  adventures  in  the  frozen  regions  north  of 
North  America,  are  Sir  John  Franklin,  Dr.  Kane,  Dr. 
Hayes,  Hall,  De  Long,  Greely,  and  Schwatka. 


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LESSON     XXIV. 


29 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


George  Washington. 

Who  governed  this  country  about  120  years  ago? 
The  king  of  England. 

How  did  the  Americans  obtain  their  freedom  ? 

By  a  war  which  lasted  nearly  eight  years. 

What  great  man  led  the  American  army  ? 

George  Washington,  who  became  the  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 


30 


LESSON     XXV. 


The  United  States  comprises  forty-five  States,  five  Terri- 
tories, and  one  District,  and  also  owns  Puerto  Rico  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  other  possessions  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 


CAPITAL    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 
Washington,  on  the  Potomac  River, 

EASTERN     OR     NEW     ENGLAND     STATES. 


States. 

Capitals, 

Situation. 

Maine, 

Augusta,           on  the 

Kennebec  River, 

New  Hampshire, 

Concord,         on  the 

Merrimac, 

Vermont, 

Montpelier,    on  the 

IVi/woski  or  Onion, 

Massachusetts, 

Boston,              on 

Boston  Harbor. 

Rhode  Island, 

(  Providence,       on 
(  and  Newport,    on 

Providence  Bay. 
Narragansett  Bay. 

Connecticut,* 

Hartford,        on  the 

Connecticut, 

LESSON     XXVI. 


MIDDLE     STATES. 


States. 

Capitals. 

Situation. 

New  York, 

Albany, 

on  the 

Hudson  River, 

New  Jersey, 

Trenton, 

on  the 

Delaware, 

Pknnsylvania, 

Harrisburg, 

on  the 

Susquehanna. 

Delaware, 

Dover, 

on 

Jones   Creek, 

*  kon-net' e-kut. 
Note. — The  capital  of  a  state  or  a  country  is  the  city  in  which  its  laws  are  made. 


LESSON     XXVIl, 


31 


SOUTHERN     STATES. 


States. 

Maryi-and, 

Virginia, 

North  Carolina, 

South  Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Florida, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Louisiana, 

Texas, 

West  Virginia, 


Capitals. 
Annapolis, 
Richmond, 
Raleigh, 
Columbia, 
Atlanta, 
Tallahassee, 
Monti^omery, 
Jackson, 
Baton  Rouge, 
Austin, 
Charleston, 


on  the 
on  the 

near  the 
on  the 

near  the 

on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 


Situation. 
Srveni  River, 
James. 
Neiise, 
Congaree. 
Chattahoochee, 
Inland. 
Alabama. 
Pearl. 
Mississippi, 
Colorado. 
Kanawha, 


LESSON     XXVIII. 


Arkansas, 

Tennessee, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio, 

Michigan, 

Indiana, 

Illinois  {py), 

Wisconsin, 

Iowa, 

Missouri, 

California, 

Minnesota, 

Oregon, 

Kansas, 

Nevada, 

Nebr.aska, 

Colorado, 

North  Dakota, 

South  Dakota, 

Montana  {mon  td' 

Washington, 

IDAHO, 

Wyoming, 
Utah, 


WESTERN 
Little  Rock, 
Nashville, 
Frankfort, 
Columbus, 
Lansing, 
Indianapolis, 
Springfield, 
Madison, 
Des  Moines, 
Jefferson  City, 
Sacramento, 
St.  Paul, 
Salem, 
Topeka, 
Carson  City, 
Lincoln, 
Denver, 
Bismarck, 
Pierre, 
wJ\     WtY  e  na, 
Olympia, 
Boise, 
Cheyenne, 
Salt  Lake  City, 


STATES, 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
near  the 

on 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 
on  the 

on 

on 

on 

on 
near 

on 

on 

on 

OQ 


Arkansas  River, 

Cumberland. 

Kentucky. 

Scioto. 

Grand. 

IV.  Fork  of  White  R, 

Sangamon, 

Fourth  Lake, 

Des  Moines, 

Missouri. 

Sacramento, 

Mississippi. 

Willamette. 

Kansas  River, 

Carson  River, 

Salt  Creek. 

Cherry  Creek, 

Missouri  River, 

Missouri  River, 

Missouri  River. 

Puget  Sound, 

Boise  River, 

Crow  Creek. 

lordan  River, 


32 


LESSON     XXIX. 


More  than  200  years  ago,  this  country,  now  called 
the  United  States,  was  a  wilderness,  inhabited  by 
Indians,  who  subsisted  upon  fish,  and  the  flesh  of  wild 
animals  which  they  killed  in  hunting,  and  who  lived 
in  huts  made  of  bark  and  the  skins  of  animals. 

No  cities  were  built  until  the  country  was  settled 
by  white  men,  who  came  from  Europe ;  and,  probably, 
where  your  house  now  stands,  Indians  once  chased 
the  buffalo,  bear,  or  some  other  wild  animal. 

Many  of  the  white  settlers  of  this  country  suffered 
great  cruelties  from  the  Indians,  who  burned  their 
houses  and  murdered  men,  women,  and  children,  as 
you  see  in  the  picture.  The  Indians  now  live  mostly 
in  the  Indian  Territory. 

The  first  inhabitants  of  a  place  arc  called  settlers, 
or  colonists. 


LESSON     XXX. 


r 


33 


The  people  of  the  United  btates  are  famous  for 
perseverance  and  inventive  genius.  Some  years  ago, 
people  rode  in  stage-coaches  over  rough  and  hilly 
roads  ;  but  now  they  travel  by  steamboat  or  railroad. 

A  Steamboat  is  moved  along  by  two  large  paddle- 
wheels  revolving  in  the  water.  The  wheels  are 
moved  by  steam,  which  rises  from  boiling  water. 
Traveling  by  steamboat  began  about  eighty  years 
ago  ;  and  by  railroad,  more  than  sixty  years  ago. 

A  Steamship  differs  from  a  Steamboat  in  having 
sails  besides  the  steam  power.  A  Sailing  Vessel  is 
moved  by  the  wind  blowing  against  the  sails. 

The  Telegraph  you  see  in  the  picture  is  a  long 
iron  wire  supported  by  tall  poles.  At  each  end  of 
the  wire  there  is  an  instrument,  by  which  men  send 
messages  with  lightning  velocity.  The  telegraph  was 
invented  by  Morse ;  the  steamboat,  by  Fulton. 


W     -jlPMANCHES/fER 


Lowell 


f/      f  \  Worcester  o  >i9   v 


Massachusetts 


^trlymoiiiih 


Cape  Corf 


4^V^''«-'^ 


''^^.^ 


STATES 


LESSON     XXXI. 


35 


How  many  Eastern  or  New  Eng- 
land States  are  there  ?    Six. 

What  two  States  north  of  Massa- 
chusetts ? 
New     Hampshire      and 
Vermont. 

What  two  States  south  of  Massa- 
chusetts ? 
Connecticut  and   Rhode 
Island. 

What  State  west  ? 
New  York. 


What  large  River  between  Ver- 
mont and  New  Hampshire  ? 
Connecticut  River. 

Through    what    States    does    it 
flow? 

Massachusetts  and  Con- 
necticut. 
What  Rivers  in  Maine  ? 

Kennebec    and    Penob- 
scot. 

What  River  in  New  Hampshire  ? 
Merrimac  River. 


LESSON     XXXII 


Which    of  the    Eastern    States 
touch  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

Which  touch  New  York  ? 

What    Lake  between   Vermont 
and  New  York? 

What  Country  north  of  the  East- 
ern States  ? 
What  Country  east  of  Maine? 

What  large  Island  south  of  Con- 
necticut ? 

What  water  between  Connecti- 
cut and  Long  Island  ? 


Name  the  Eastern  States. 
Which  is  the  largest  ? 
Which  is  the  smallest  ? 
Where  are  the  Green  Mountains? 

Where  are  the  White  Moun- 
tains ? 

What  large  River  flows  into 
Long  Island  Sound? 

What  Cape  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Massachusetts? 

What  three  Rivers  flow  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ? 


36 


LESSON     XXXIII. 


Many  Vessels  are  engaged  in  Fishing  off  the  Coasts  of  New  E.nulanu  and 
Newfoundland. 


What  are  these  six  States  called  ? 

New  England. 
Who  first  came  to  New  England  ? 

People   from   England,    called   Puritans,   also   Pil- 
grims. 
In  what  does  Massachusetts  excel  every  other  State  ? 

In  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
and  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Where  was  the  first  cotton-mill  in  the  United  States  built  ? 

In  Rhode  Island. 
For  what  is  Connecticut  noted  ? 

For  the  manufacture  of  woolen  and  cotton  goods, 
iron  and  wooden  wares,  clocks  and  buttons. 


LESSON     XXXIV. 


Z7 


.^•■.■*t>-      X 


This  is  a  view  of  a  canal  and  a  iiiaiiuiauLuiy.  In 
the  foreground  are  sheep  and  cattle,  which  are  raised 
in  Vermont  in  large  numbers. 

Cotton  is  a  soft,  white  substance  obtained  from  the 
cotton-plant,  which  grows  in  the  Southern  States.  It 
is  brought  in  bales  to  the  manufactories  of  the  East- 
ern States;  where,  by  means  of  machinery,  it  is  drawn 
out  and  twisted  into  threads,  and  then  it  is  woven  into 
cloth.  It  can  be  dyed  or  printed  in  colors.  Muslins 
and  calicoes  for  ladies'  dresses  are  made  of  cotton. 

Wool  grows  upon  sheep,  and  is  cut  in  warm  wea- 
ther. It  is  made  into  threads  by  spinning,  then  woven. 
Blankets  and  winter  clothing  are  made  of  wool.  So, 
cotton  is  obtained  from  a  plant;  wool,  from  an  animal. 

A  Canal  is  like  a  great  ditch  filled  with  water,  so 
that  boats  may  be  drawn  along  by  horses  or  mules 
which  walk  on  a  tow-path  at  the  side  of  the  canal.   .  / 


MIDDLE  STATES 


\V 


o  .^^-^ — ,k 


^3tV 


Torontoc 


X    A     T^ 


,<?>     -^   5,-'     :A 


Niagara  Falls fi 


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J" 


p  js  Sr^  N    s 


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LPHlAy^         * 

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/' 

LESSON     XXXV, 


39 


How   many  Middle   States  .are 
there  ?     Four, 

Which  is  thelargest  ? 
New  York. 

Which  is  next  in  size? 
Pennsylvania. 

Which  is  next  ? 
New  Jersey. 

Which  is  the  smallest  ? 
Delaware. 


What   Country    north    of   New 
York? 

Canada. 
What  two  Lakes  on  the  West  ? 

Ontario  and  Erie. 

What  large  River  in  the  eastern 
part  of  New  York  ? 
Hudson  River. 

What  large  River  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  New  York  ? 
Genesee  River. 


LESSON     XXXVI. 


What  River  between  Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  Jersey  ? 

What  large  River  flows  through 
the  eastern  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ? 

W^hat  two  Rivers  meet  in  the 
western  part? 

What  large  River  flows  north- 
east from  Lake  Ontario  ? 

What    Mountains    in    Pennsy 
vania  ? 


VVHiat      Mountains 
York? 


New 


What  Bay  between  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware  ? 

Namfe  the  Middle  States. 
What  States  south  of  New  York  ? 
What  States  east  of  New  York  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Erie? 
Where  is  Lake  Ontario  ? 
Where  is  the  Hudson  River  ? 
Where  is  the  St.  Lawrence  ? 

Into  what  Lake  does  the  Gene- 
see River  flow  ? 

\\  hat  Lake  northeast  of  New 
York? 


•  / 


40 


LESSON     XXXVII 


A  Train  of  Cars.— A  Canal. 


For  what  are  the  Middle  States  noted  ? 
For  Canals  and  Railroads. 

What  can  you  say  of  New  York  ? 

It  has  more  inhabitants  than  any  other  State 

For  what  is  Pennsylvania  celebrated  ? 
For  Coal  and  Iron. 

What  does  New  Jersey  produce  ? 
Fine  fruits  and  vegetables. 

What  does  Delaware  produce  ? 

Excellent  wheat,  Indian  corn  and  peaches. 

What  does  the  word  Pennsylvania  mean  ? 
Penn*s  Woods, 


LESSON     XXXVIII. 


4> 


William  Penn,  a  Quaker,  came  from  England  to 
this  country,  more  than  two  hundred  years  ago, 
with  many  other  Quakers,  and  formed  a  colony  or 
settlement  in  Pennsylvania. 

Penn  was  very  wise  and  kind  in  his  dealings  with 
the  Indians,  and  paid  them  for  all  the  land  which  his 
people  occupied ;  consequently,  the  Indians  respect- 
ed and  loved  the  Quakers  very  much  ;  and  Pennsyl- 
vania was  the  only  American  colony  formed  without 
bloodshed.  It  has  now  more  inhabitants  than  any 
other  State  in  the  Union,  except  New  York. 

On  the  left  of  the  picture  are  Indian  women,  called 
SQUAWS,  carrying  their  pappooses,  or  babies,  which 
hang  on  their  backs  like  soldiers'  knapsacks.  .  / 


LESSON     XXXIX. 


43 


How  many  Southern  Stales  are 
there  ?         Elevfn, 

Which  is  the  largest  ? 

Texas. 

Which  is  furthest  south  ? 
Florida. 

What  division  of  land  is  Florida  ? 
A  Peninsula. 

What  Island  south  of  Florida  ? 

Cuba. 


What  States  north  of  Florida? 
Georgia  and  Alabama. 

What  Bay  east  of  Virginia  ?      , 
Chesapeake  Bay. 

What  River  flows   through  the 
northern  part  of  Alabama  ? 
Tennessee  River. 

Into  what  River  does  the  Ten- 
nessee flow  ? 
Into  the  Ohio  River. 


LESSON     XL. 


What  River  between  South  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia  ? 

Into  what  Ocean  and  Gulf  do 
the  Rivers  of  the  Southern 
States  flow  ? 

In  what  Mountains  do  most  of 
them  rise  ? 

What  three  ranges  of  Mountains 
on  this  map  ? 

Which  are  the  most  mountainous 
of  the  Southern  States  ? 

What   two   Western    States   be- 


tween the  Southern    States 
and  the  Ohio  River? 

Name  the  Southern  States. 

Which  of  them  touch  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  ? 

Name  the  States  that  touch  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

What  two  Southern  States  touch 
the  Mississippi  River? 

Between  what  Ocean  and  Gulf 

is  Florida  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Sable  ? 


44 


LESSON     LXI. 


The  Sea  Shore.     The  waves  of  the  ocean  constantly  roll  against  the  soft,  sandy  beach, 
and  form  low  sand  hills  which  line  the  coast  for  many  miles. 


What  is  the  dimate  of  the  Southern  States  ? 
Very  warm. 

What  are  raised  on  the  plantations  of  the  Southern  States  ? 
Cotton,  Corn,  Sugar-cane,  Rice,  and  Tobacco. 

What  State  excels  in  the  production  of  Sugar? 
Louisiana. 

What  Presidents  were  born  in  Virginia? 

Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  Willian? 
Henry  Harrison,  Tyler,  and  Taylor. 


LESSON     XLII.  45 


:^.^i''-M.M 


On  the  left  of  this  picture  you  see  the  tall  Sugar- 
cane growing;  in  the  front,  Cotton;  and  on  the  right, 
Tobacco.  The  sugar-cane  is  cut  and  taken  to  the 
crushing-mill,  where  the  juice  is  pressed  out,  and  after- 
wards boiled, — the  sugar  settling  to  the  bottom  of  the 
kettles,  and  the  molasses  remaining  at  the  top. 

The  leaves  of  the  tobacco-plant  arc  dried  before 
they  are  ready  for  use.     (See  page  67.) 

Cotton  is  a  plant  which  is  extensively  cultivated  in 
the  Southern  States.  It  is  formed  in  a  kind  of  nut- 
shell, which  bursts,  and  the  cotton  appears.  It  is  then 
picked  from  the  covering,  and  taken  to  the  mill,  to  be 
separated  from  the  seeds  contained  inside.  It  is  after- 
wards spun  into  threads,  then  woven  into  cloth.  The 
soft,  white  substance  which  you  have  seen  growing 
on  the  top  of  a  thistle,  resembles  cotton  on  the  plant 


AVESTERN 

^   STATES 

-4 


31  E  X    I    C    O 


LESSON     XLIII 


47 


What  States  are  furthest  north 
and  northwest? 

Minnesota,  North  Da- 
kota, Montana,  Idaho, 
Washington  (seep.  26). 

What  four  are  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Mississippi  River  ? 
Minnesota,    Iowa,    Mis- 
souri, and  Arkansas. 

What  three  He  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Ohio  River? 
Ohio,  Indiana,  IlHnois. 


What  two  south  of  tife  Ohio  ? 
Kentucky   and   Tennes- 
see. 

What  Lake  north  of  Michigan  ? 
Lake  Superior. 

What  Lake  east  of  Michigan  ? 
Lake  Huron. 

What  Lake  west  of  Michigan  ? 
Lake  Michigan. 

What  Lake  north  of  Ohio  ? 
Lake  Erie. 


LESSON      XLIV. 


Into  what  River  do  nearly  all 
the  other  Rivers  of  the 
Western  States  flow  ? 

Which  flow  into  the  western  side 
of  the  Mississippi  ? 

Which  into  the  eastern  side  ? 

In  what  State  does  the  Missis- 
sippi rise? 

\N  hat  rivers  flow  into  the 
Ohio  River? 

What  Western  States  do  not  ap- 
pear on  this  map?  (See  p.  3 1.) 


What  States  border  on  Lake 
Superior  ?  On  Lake  Michi- 
gan ?     On  Lake  Erie  ? 

What  River  in  Ohio?  In  Illinois? 

What  River  between  Indiana 
and  Illinois? 

What  States  south  of  Tennes- 
see ? 

What  States  east  of  Kentucky  ? 

Which  is  the  coldest,  or  most 
northern,  of  the  Western 
States  ? 

Which  is  the  warmest  ? 


48 


LESSON     XLV. 


Which  is  the  largest  section  of  the  Union  ? 
The  Western  States. 

In  what  are  the  people  chiefly  engaged  ? 

Farming  in  the  East  and  mining  in  the  West. 

What  are  raised  on  their  extensive  farms  and  fields  ? 

Corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  fruit ;   besides  millions 
of  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs. 

What  States  are  noted  for  gold  and  silver? 

California,  Montana,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada. 

Which  are  the  most  populous 
of  the  Western  States  ? 

Ohio  and  Illinois. 

What  State  is  noted  for  corn, 
wheat,  and  oats  ? 

lllmOlS.  ^  Farmer  Cutting  Wheat. 


LESSON     XLVI 


49 


This  is  a  picture  of  an  overflow  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  Look  at  your  map  of  the  United  States, 
and  observe  that  the  greater  part  of  our  country  is 
drained  by  that  river;  that  is,  the  rain  that  falls  in 
the  States  and  Territories  between  the  Alleghany 
and  Rocky  Mountains,  runs  into  rivers  which  flow 
directly  or  indirectly  into  the  Mississippi.  This  is 
caused  by  the  land  sloping  downward  from  these 
two  chains  of  mountains  where  the  land  is  highest, 
to  the  Mississippi  River  where  it  is  lowest 

To  prevent  inundations  or  freshets,  which  do  great 
damage  to  houses,  farms,  and  cattle,  the  people  have 
raised  banks,  called  levees,  along  the  riven 


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LESSON     XLVII, 


51 


\\  liaL  natural  division  ol  land  is 
Soutli  America  ? 
A  Peninsula. 

What  Division  of  the  Earth  is 
north  of  South  America  ? 
North  America. 

What  Ocean  east  ? 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

What  Ocean  west  ? 
Pacific  Ocean. 

What  Sea  north  ? 
Caribbe'an  Sea. 


What  Bay  northwest? 
Bay  of  Panama. 

Which  is   the   largest  River  in 
South  America? 
Amazon  River. 

How  long  is  the  Amazon  ? 
Four  thousand  miles. 

What  River  further  north  than 
the  Amazon  ? 
Orinoco  River. 

What  Rivers  in  the  southeast  ? 
Parana  and  La  Plata. 


LESSON     XLVIII, 


Into  what  Ocean  do  nearly  all 

the  Rivers  of  South  America 

flow? 
Which  is  the  largest  Country  in 

South  America? 
Which  are  further  north  ? 
Which  further  south  ? 
What  great  chain  of  Mountains 

in  South  America  ? 
Near  what  Coast  do  they  extend  ? 
What  Mountains  in  Brazil  ? 
What  precious  stones  are  found 

there  ? 


Between    what    two    Oceans    is 
South  America  ? 

Where  is  the  Caribbe'an  Sea  ? 
What  Countries  border  on  that 

sea  ? 
What  Countries  border   on  the 

Atlantic  ? 
Which  on  the  Pacific  ? 
Which  are  inland  ? 
What    Cape    on     the     North  ? 

East  ?     South  ? 
What  Strait  north  of  Tierra-del- 

Fuego  ? 


LESSON     XLIX 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


^^^S^V^> 


mmm 


^m 


For  what 
is  South  Amer- 
ica noted  ? 
For  the  large 
rivers      and 
longest  moun- 
tain-chain     in 
the  world. 
What  precious   stones 
are  found  in  Brazil? 

Diamonds. 
What    has     been    ob- 
tained in  Bolivia?  SS^B^^HiV/ 
Silver    in  large 
quantities. 
What   animals       tortoise, 
roam  over  the 

The  Condor  is   the   largest   bird  of  flight  in  the  world.      The 
vast  grassy  plams  jaguar  is  like  a    leopard;    the  Tapir,    like  a  large    hog; 

of  South  America  ?  ^"^  ^^    iguana   is   a  kind  of  lizard.      The    Llama  is  a 

J  J  beast  of  burden. 

Horses      and 

cattle  in  immense  numbers. 


M' 


What  remarkable  species  of  serpent 
in  South  America  ? 


The  Boa  Constrictor,  which  is  able 
to  destroy  animals  as  large  as  deer. 


LESSON     L. 


53 


Here  is  a  view  of  the  Andes  Mouniaiii.-^,  vvm^n  nse 
sixty  times  as  high  as  the  highest  church  steeple  you 
ever  saw  ;  they  are  so  high  that  their  tops  are  contin- 
ually covered  with  snow.     Some  are  volcanoes. 

Earthquakes  sometimes  occur,  and  destroy  whole 
cities,  killing  many  of  the  inhabitants.  An  earthquake 
is  a  violent  shaking  of  a  part  of  the  Earth. 

Travelers  cross  the  Andes  on  the  backs  of  mules, 
which  are  much  safer  than  horses  in  such  dangerous 
places.  Indians,  with  chairs  fastened  on  their  backs, 
sometimes  carry  travelers  over  the  mountains  with 
safety. 

Immense  birds,  called  Condors,  are  found  here, 
which  often  destroy  sheep  and  cattle,  tearing  them 
with  beak  and  claws. 


LESSON     LI 


55 


\\  hat  Ocean  north  of  Europe  ? 

The  Arctic  Ocean. 
What  Ocean  west  of  Europe  ? 

The  Atlantic  Ocean. 
What  Sea  south  of  Europe  ? 

The  Mediterranean  Sea. 
What  is  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 

The  largest  Sea  in  the 

world. 
W  hat  Bay  west  of  France  ? 

The  Bay  of  Biscay. 


Which  is  the  largest  Country  in 
Europe  ? 
Russia. 

Which  is  the  smallest  ? 
Switzerland. 

What  two  countries  touch  Rus- 
sia on  the  southwest  ? 
Austria  and  Roumania. 

What   Country    south    of  Tur- 
key ? 
Greece. 


LESSON     LII 


What  two  Countries  west  of  the 
North  Sea  ? 

What  Country  west  of  England  ? 

What  Country  south  of  England? 

What  Country  south  of  France  ? 

What  Country  west  of  Spain  ? 

Where  are  the  Alps  Mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Pyrenees  Moun- 
tains ? 

Where    is    the    coldest    part   of 
Europe. 

Where  is  the  warmest  part  ? 


What  two  Oceans  touch  Europe  ? 

What  five  large  Seas  do  you  find 
on  the  map  of  Europe  ? 

What  four  Rivers  ? 

What  Strait  connects  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  with  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  Cape  in  the  northern  part 
of  Europe  ? 

What  Sea  eastof  Italy  ? 

Where  is  the  White  Sea  ? 

Mention    all   the   Countries   of 
Europe. 


56 


LESSON      L  I  I  I 


William  Tell,  a  heroic  Swiss,  in  his  efforts  to  obtain  liberty  for  his  country,  was  cap- 
tured; and,  for  punishment,  was  cruelly  ordered  to  shoot  an  apple  placed  on  the  head 
of  his  own  little  son.  The  arrow  cut  the  apple  in  two,  without  injuring  the  child. 
This  occurred  more  than   500  years  ago. 

What  can  you  say  of  Europe  ? 

It  is  the  smallest  Grand  Division  of  the  Earth. 

Which  are  the  most  important  divisions  of  Europe  ? 
England,  Germany,  Russia,  and  France. 

What  are  the  inhabitants  of  Europe  called  ? 
Europeans. 

What  does  the  southern  part  of  Europe  produce  extensively  ? 
Grapes,  Oranges,  Lemons,  Figs,  and  Olives. 

What  important  School-law  in  Prussia  and  some  other  countries  ? 
All  the  boys  and  girls  are  compelled  to  attend 
school  regularly. 


LESSON     LIV. 


57 


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Here  is  a  view  in  the  northern  part  of  Europe, 
which  is  noted  for  the  great  length  of  its  winters, 
and  of  its  winter  nights  and  summer  days. 

For  several  weeks  in  winter,  the  people  there  do 
not  see  the  sun ;  but  for  the  same  length  of  time  in 
summer,  the  sun  does  not  set. 

The  man  you  see  in  the  picture  is  called  a  Lap- 
lander, because  he  lives  in  Lapland.  Laplanders 
travel  from  place  to  place  in  sleds  drawn  by  reindeer. 
The  milk  and  flesh  of  these  animals  are  used  for  food, 
and  their  skins  for  clothing.  A  Laplander's  wealth  is 
known  by  the  number  of  reindeer  he  owns. 

In  the  southern  part  of  Europe  the  climate  is  mild 
and  pleasant;  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  olives,  grapes,  and 
other  fruits  being  raised  in  abundance. 


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LESSON     LVIl 


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The  Great  Wall  of  China  was  built  more  than  two  thousand  years  ago,  to  protect  the 
Chinese  from  their  enemies  on  the  north.  It  extends  over  hills  and  plains,  is  about 
thirty  feet  high,  and  so  broad  that  six  horses  can  walk  abreast  on  the  top  of  it.  Its 
length  is  1,500  miles,  or  about  the  distance  between  Maine  and  Texas.  It  is  strength- 
ened by  large  square  towers. 


What  can  you  say  of  Asia  ? 

Asia  is  the  largest  and  first  inhabited  Grand  Divi- 
sion of  the  Earth. 
Who  were  our  first  parents  ? 

Adam  and  Eve,  who  lived  in  Asia. 
Where  was  our  Saviour  born  ? 

In  the  western  part  of  Asia. 
Of  what  does  the  Empire  of  Japan  consist  ? 

Of  Islands,  the  largest  of  which  is  Hondo. 
What  articles  come  from  Asia  ? 

Furs  from   Siberia,   Tea  from  China,  and  Coffee 
from  Arabia  and  Java. 


LESSON     LVIIl. 


61 


This  is  a  picture  of  a 

HEATHEN      TEMPLE      Or 

place  of  worship.    It 
contains    frightful 
looking     objects, 
before  which  peo- 
ple fall   on  their 
knees   and   faces 
and    pray.    They 
are      idols,      or 
false  gods,   which 
these    people   wor 
ship.   They  are  made 
chiefly  of    stone    or 
wood.     Such  people 
are  called  idolaters. 

PAGANS,  or  HEATHENS. 

They  believe  these  idols  can  hear  their  prayers,  and 

grant  what  they  ask. 

You  will  be  surprised  to  learn 
that  there  are  millions  of  idola- 
ters. They  live  in  Asia,  Africa, 
and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Missionaries  have  been  sent 
from  the  United  States  and 
Europe  to  teach  these  ignorant 
people  about  the  true  God 
who  says,  in  his  command- 
ments, **  Thou  shalt  have  no 

OTHER    GODS    BUT    ME.'' 


"^ORESrS. 

Strait  of  Gibraltar 
V,  MADEIRA  IS. 


AT^TtlCA 


LESSON     LIX. 


63 


\\  luit  Divibion  ot  land  is  Africa? 
A  Peninsula. 

Between    what   two    Oceans    is 
Africa  ? 
Atlantic  and  Indian. 

What    Division    of     the    Earth 
north  of  Africa? 

Europe. 
What  Sea  north  of  Africa  ? 

Mediterranean  Sea. 
What  Sea  northeast  of  Africa  ? 

Red  Sea. 


i  What  Division  of  the  Earth  ? 
Asia. 

What   Isthmus   between    Africa 
and  Asia  ? 

The  Isthmus  of  Suez. 

What  Gulf  west  of  Africa  ? 
Gulf  of  Guinea. 

What  large   Island  southeast  of 
Africa  ? 

Madagascar. 

What  Cape  in  the  south  ? 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


LESSON     LX. 


Which  are  the  largest  Rivers  in 
Africa  ? 

What  Plain  in  the  north  ? 

What  Region  south  Oi  the  Great 
Desert  ? 

What  Country  west  of  Soudan  ? 

What  Region  east  of  Guinea  ? 

What  Mountains  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Africa  ? 

What  Lake  in  Soudan  ? 

What  Cities  in  Northern  Africa  ? 


With  what  Ocean  is  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  connected  ? 

With  what  Ocean  is  the  Red  Sea 
connected  ? 

What  Countries  of  Africa  touch 
the  Red  Sea? 

What  large  River  flows  through 
them  into  the  Mediterranean 
Sea? 

What  large  River  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea  ? 

On  which  side  of  Africa  is  Gui- 
nea ? 


64 


LESSON     LXl. 


What  can  you  say  of  Africa  ? 
It      is      the      hottest 
Grand  Division  of 
the  Earth. 

What  animals  in  Africa  ? 

The  Elephant,  Lion, 
Leopard,  Hyena, 
Zebra,  and  others. 

What  dangerous    Reptiles   in 
Africa  ? 
Crocodiles  and  Ser- 
pents. 

What  Trees  abound  in  the 
forests  ? 

Cocoa-nut,  Date,  and 
other  Palm-trees.  Palm-oil 
is  used  in  making  soap  and 
candles. 

What  storms  sometimes  overtake  Caravans  in  the  Great  Desert  ? 
Storms  of  scorching  sand,  raised  by  the  wind. 


The 


:!/-^=?x<r^^  i>c^' 


i^m^^ 


A  Sand-storm.     Men  and  camels  must  lie  on  the  ground  till  it  is  over. 


LESSON     LXII, 


^5 


J-Af. 


Africa  is  noted  for  its 
extreme  heat,  ferocious 
animals,  and  Great  Des- 
ert. 

The   Great  Desert    i 
about  3,000  miles  long, 
and     1,000    miles    wide. 
It   contains    vast,  sandy 
plains  which  are  dry,  hot, 
and    barren,    except    in 
some     green     places, 
called  Oases.     People 
cross  the  desert  in  large 
companies,    called     Cara 
VANS,    in     order    to     defend 
themselves  from  robbers.     Cam- 
els   are    used    in    crossing    the 
desert. 

Lions,  elephants,  and  other  wild 
animals    are    found    in    Africa   as 

well  as  in  Asia. 


Elephants  are  hunted 
for  the  ivory,  of  which 
their  tusks  are  composed. 
Many  have  been  tamed, 
and  are  very  gentle. 


Rlins  and  Palm-trees  in  Egypt. 


66 


LESSON     LXIII, 


Coffee. 


Tea. 


The    Tea 
Plant     grows 

to  the  height 
of  five  or  six 
feet,  and  is  cul- 
tivated in  Chi- 
na and  Japan. 
The  leaves  are 
gathered  when 
green,  and  dried 
on  heated  pans. 
The  color  of 
green  tea  is  due 
to  a  coloring 
matter  that  is 
dusted  over  it 
in  the  pans. 

The  branches  of  the  Coffee  Tree  are  loaded  with  berries,  which  look 
like  red  cherries.  Each  berry  contains  two  grains  or  seeds  of  a  light  green 
color,  which  resemble  beans  cut  into  halves.  These  are  roasted  and  ground 
before  the  coffee  is  ready  for  use. 

Coffee  comes  from  Arabia,  Java,  South  America,  and  the  West  Indies. 

Wheat, 
Rye  and  Oats 

grow  on  the  top 
of  the  plants  or 
stalks.  When 
ripe  they  are  cut 
something  like 
grass;  then  the 
grain  is  removed 
from  the  husk,  by 
being  thrashed 
or  beaten.  The 
stems  or  stalks 
we  call  st7'a'Wo 
Wheat  is  ground 
into  flour,  oats 
Wheat.  into  oatmeal.  Oats. 


LESSON     LXIV. 


07 


Indian  Corn. 


Indian  Corn,  or 

Maize,  grows  upon 
a  stalk  higher  and 
thicker  than  that  of 
the  other  grains.  It 
is  found  in  ears  on 
the  plant.  When 
ripe  and  dry,  the 
grain  is  ground  into 
Indian^  or  com  meal. 

The    Tobacco 

Plant,  when  fully 
grown,  is  cut,  and 
hung  up  to  dry.  From 
the  leaves  are  made 
smoking  and  chewing 
Tobacco  was  first  used  in  America. 


Tobacco. 


tobacco,  cigars,  and  snuff. 


The  Cotton  Plant  is  extensively  cultivated  in  our  warm  Southern 
States.  It  grows  from  seeds  sown  in  the  spring.  In  the  autumn  the  soft, 
white  substance  called  cotton  is  taken  from  the  pod  or  shell  and  separated 

from     the    seeds    inside.       It    is    then 
ready  to  be  spun 
into  threads,  and 
woven  into  mus- 
lin, etc. 

Flax  is  a  plant 
which  has  a  slen- 
der stalk,  and 
grows  to  the 
height  of  two  or 
three  feet.  The 
skin  or  bark  con- 
sists of  fine  fibers 
that  may  be  sep- 

into    thread,   then 

into    cloth,    called 


arated 
woven 


and    spun 
or    made 


Liutttf  Cambrict  Lawn  Lace,  &c.     The 
Cotton.      seeds  yield  an  oil  called  Linseed  Oil, 


Flax. 


68 


GENERAL     REVIEW. 


COUNTRIES. 

Where  situated?    Bound  them* 


United  States  ? 
Greenland  ? 
Russia  ? 
China? 
England? 
Venezuela  ? 
Hindostan  ? 
Arabia? 
Turkestan  ? 
Austria  ? 
France  ? 

British  America? 
iMorocco  ? 


Brazil? 

Spain  ? 

Siberia'! 

Mexico  ? 

Persia  ? 

Central  America? 

German  Empire? 

Scotland  ? 

Ireland? 

Turke>r? 

Argentine  Republic? 

Italy? 

Egypt? 


MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  they  situated? 


Rocky? 
Himalaya  ? 
Andes? 
Alleghany? 
Sierra  Nevada  ? 


Blue  Ridge? 
White? 
Altai? 
Pyrenees  ? 
Ural? 


CAPES. 


Where  are  they  ?    Into  what  waters  do 
they  project? 


Cod? 

Good  Hope? 

Hatteras? 


Farewell  ? 

Horn? 

St.  Roque? 


ISLANDS. 

Where  are  they  ?    By  what  waters  are 
they  surrounded? 


Greenland  ? 

Iceland? 

Australia  ? 

Madagascar? 

West  Indies? 

Japan  Is.? 
Sicily? 

Cuba? 

TierradelFuego? 

Hawaiian  ? 

SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

Where  are  they  ? 

j7ito  what  waters  do 

tJiey  open  ? 

Mediterranean  S.? 

G.  of  Guinea? 

G.  of  Mexico? 

B.  of  Panama? 

Arabian  S.? 

G.  of  California? 

Hudson  B.? 

Yellow  S.? 

Black  S? 

Bering  S.? 

China  S.? 

Baffin  B.? 

B.  of  Biscay? 

Delaware  B.? 

S.  of  Japan? 

G.  of  St.  Lawrence? 

White  S.? 

Baltic  S.? 

STRAITS. 

Between  what  lands  a7'e  they  ?     What  waters 
do  they  connect? 


Davis? 
Magellan  ? 
Florida? 


Hudson? 
Bering  ? 
Gibraltar? 


RIVERS. 

Where  do  they  rise?     What  courses  do  they 
take?    Into  what  waters  do  they  flow? 


Amazon  ? 
Nile? 
Missouri  ? 
Susquehanna  ? 
Genesee  ? 
Mackenzie? 
St.  Lawrence? 
Potomac  ? 
Kennebec  ? 
Niger? 
Onnoco  ? 
Connecticut  ? 
Kongo  ? 


Mississippi  ? 
Delaware  ? 
Rio  Grande  ? 
Ohio? 
Hudson  ? 
Savannah? 
La  Plata? 
Columbia? 
Tennessee  ? 
Cumberland  ? 
Danube  ? 
Arkansa<5  ? 
Zambezi.' 


LAKES. 

Where  are  they  ?     What  are  their  outlets  ? 


Superior? 
Great  Bear? 
Great  Salt? 
Ontario? 
Great  Slave? 


Huron  ? 
Champlain  ? 
Marayi  ? 
Michigan? 
Erie? 


CITIES. 

In  what  Countries  or  States  are  they?    On 
or  near  what  waters? 


London  ? 

New  York? 

Constantinople? 

Mexico  ? 

Lima? 

Lisbon? 

Boston? 

Washington  ? 

Paris? 

Buffalo? 

Montgomery? 

Madrid? 

Dublin  ? 

Albany  ? 

St.  Petersburg? 

Montreal  ? 

New  Orleans  ? 

Philadelphia? 

Cairo? 

Richmond? 


Rio  Janeiro? 
St.  Louis? 
Galveston  ? 
St.  Paul? 
Atlanta? 
Montpelier? 
Harrisburg  ? 
Havana  ? 
Cincinnati  y 
Charleston  ? 
Nashville? 
San  Francisco? 
New  Haven  ? 
Calcutta? 
Jefferson  City? 
Annapolis  ? 
Trenton  ? 
Santa  Fe? 
Tallahassee* 
Pittsburg? 


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